Homeless people and their dogs have a mutually beneficial relationship, with the dogs providing critical support for their owners’ emotional and mental health while owners make every effort to protect the dog and meet their welfare needs, new research has found.

The study, by academics at the University of Bristol Veterinary School and published in the Zoophilologica Polish Journal of Animal Studies, highlighted the importance of making sure there are sufficient services available for homeless people with animals and that allowing dogs to remain with their owners could improve engagement with charity services.

The UK homeless population is increasing. Companion animal ownership among homeless people is not uncommon, but the positive and negative consequences of this association for both humans and animals are not fully researched.

The researchers carried out semi-structured interviews with 21 homeless dog owners in the South-west, recruited via a dog welfare charity that works with homeless people and their dogs.

The interviews covered how their dog impacted them, how they met the dog’s welfare needs and the costs and benefits of a homeless living for both the owner and the dog.

Dr Chelsie Bailey, one of the study’s authors and an Honorary Teaching Associate at Bristol Veterinary School, said: “One of the most positive findings our study found was that not one of the dogs we saw lacked basic veterinary care, and this was due to the accessibility provided by the centres linked with Dogs Trust.”

The researchers found dogs provided similar benefits as dogs owned in households, but additionally owners believed dogs helped with their routine, assisted them through mental health issues and gave continuous emotional support.

Owners noted difficulties accessing long- and short-term accommodation, and services, such as shops, due to their dog, and generally only entrusted other individuals to look after their dog in urgent cases.

Dr Nicola Rooney, senior lecturer in Wildlife and Conservation at Bristol Veterinary School and one of the paper’s authors, added: “Dogs can play an incredibly important role in enhancing mental health, and this study shows this is equally true for the homeless community.

“Homeless dogs compared favourably to home owned dogs in many areas when considering how their welfare needs were met. The dogs we studied had high levels of human companionship and access to veterinary care and flea and worm prevention.

“However, several potential issues were identified surrounding thermal comfort, contact with other dogs, and the ability to avoid things which may scare them, although the latter two issues are likely equally common in the homed dog population. Tailor-made education initiatives addressing the challenges specific to this population may be valuable.”